Toyota was the world's top-selling automaker in 2021, holding on to its number-one ranking for the second year in a row.

The Japanese car manufacturer says its worldwide group sales from January to November came in at more than 9.5 million vehicles. The figure includes sales by subsidiaries Daihatsu and Hino.

Toyota's closest rival, Volkswagen of Germany, has announced full-year group sales of roughly 8.9 million vehicles.

Parts shortages caused by the coronavirus pandemic forced the carmaker to cut production from summer to autumn.

But Toyota managed to limit the impact of the disruptions better than other makers. It even increased sales in the United States and China.