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2022/10/10 23:24
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Learn more This article is about a current event. (January 2020) The COVID-19 pandemic, also called the coronavirus pandemic, is a current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[1][6][b] The outbreak started in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) called it a pandemic on 11 March 2020.[7][8][9][10][11] The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses gave the virus its name. As of September 4, 2022, more than 600 million cases of COVID-19 have been reported in almost every country on Earth. More than six million people have died of COVID-19,[12] and more than 580 million people have defeated, or recovered from the disease.[12][13][14] COVID‑19 pandemic Confirmed cases per 100,000 population as of 19 March 2022 >10% 3–10% 1–3% 0.3–1% 0.1–0.3% 0.03–0.1% 0–0.3% None or no data Cases per country Total confirmed cases per country as of 19 March 2022 10,000,000+ 1,000,000–9,999,999 100,000–999,999 10,000–99,999 1,000–9,999 100–999 1–99 None or no data Deaths per capita Confirmed deaths per 100 population date shown on map 100+ 10–100 1–10 0.1–1 0–0.1 None or no data Clockwise, starting from top: A nurse caring for a COVID‑19 patient in an intensive care unit aboard a U.S. hospital ship Disinfection vehicles in Taiwan Donated medical supplies being received in the Philippines Burial in Iran The Italian government's outbreak task force Disease Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) Virus strain Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2)[a] Source Probably bats, possibly via pangolins[2][3] Location Worldwide First outbreak China[4] Index case Wuhan, Hubei, China 30°37′11″N 114°15′28″E Date 1 December 2019–present[4] Confirmed cases 230,619,562[5] Deaths 4,729,061[5] Territories {{{territories}}}[5] The virus usually moves from one person to another with small drops made when coughing[15][16] or sneezing.[17] It mostly spreads when people are close to each other, which is why social distancing is encouraged. Coronavirus can also spread when people touch a surface with the virus, and then they touch their face.[16][17] Common symptoms include fever, cough, and trouble breathing.[18] The illness can worsen with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome.[19] As of January 2021, a number of vaccines for COVID-19 have been developed, but only a few have been approved as safe for use. The first vaccine to be approved was created by Pfizer and BioNTech,[20] followed by the Oxford / AstraZeneca [21] vaccine. Vaccine distribution has begun in many countries in Europe, North America, South America and Asia.[22] The United Kingdom was the first western country to administer a COVID-19 vaccine.[23] No antiviral medicine for COVID-19 is available.[24] Doctors usually give patients supportive therapy instead.[25] People can avoid spreading the virus by regularly washing their hands, covering their mouth when coughing, maintaining distance from other people, staying away from crowds, wearing medical or cloth face coverings, and being alone for people who think they are infected, also known as quarantining.[24] The outbreak might be from a coronavirus that usually lives in bats. This infected another animal, possibly a pangolin. It then changed inside that other animal until it could infect humans.[26] It possibly originated at a wet market, Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market.[27] A 55-year-old person from Hubei province was the first human to contract the virus on November 17, 2019.[28] A 61-year-old man who was a regular customer at the market was the first person to die from the virus on January 11, 2020.[29] The exact origin of the virus is still unknown since the market in Wuhan sold a variety of live wild animals in cages. Chinese tourists have spread the virus by traveling to other countries and made it a worldwide pandemic.[30] Racism and xenophobia against Chinese people and Asians increased during the pandemic. In November 2020, two companies, Pfizer and Moderna, said they had finished making COVID-19 vaccines. Two mRNA vaccines, one by Pfizer and one by Moderna, have been tested. Both were over 90% effective.[31] Countries began planning to give the vaccine to many people.[32][33][34] 25 other vaccines have been approved by at least one country, and many others are being developed. The United States has the most deaths from the virus. More than 1,000,000 Americans have died from the virus.[35] California had the most COVID-19 cases in the country.[36] 4:13 CC Video summary (script) on the coronavirus disease (4:12 min) Contents Epidemiology Edit Epidemiology is the study of how diseases affect the health and illness of groups of people. Background Edit On 31 December 2019, Chinese health authorities reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) a cluster of viral pneumonia cases of unknown cause in Wuhan,[37][38] and an investigation was launched in early January 2020.[39] On 9 June 2020, a Harvard University study suggested that COVID-19 may have been spreading in China as early as August 2019, based on hospital car park usage and web search trends.[40] Cases Edit Cases means the number of people who have been tested for COVID-19 and have tested positive.[41] These cases are according to Johns Hopkins University. Deaths Edit Further information: List of deaths due to COVID-19 Deceased in a 16 m (53 ft) "mobile morgue" outside a hospital in Hackensack, New Jersey in April 2020 Most people who contract COVID-19 recover. For those who do not, the time between the start of symptoms and death usually ranges from 6 to 41 days, but most of the time about 14 days.[42] This data are recorded by the WHO. Duration Edit On 11 March 2020, the WHO said that the pandemic could be controlled.[7] Symptoms Edit Further information: Coronavirus disease 2019 § Signs and symptoms Symptoms of COVID-19. There are reports that even people who do not show symptoms can spread it.[43] According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 makes people feel sick in different ways, but it usually affects the lungs. People usually cough and have difficulty breathing. They often also have a fever, chills, headache, pain in their muscles, or trouble tasting or smelling things,[44] which can often be confused with the flu virus. [45] According to an April 2020 study by the American Gastroenterological Association, COVID-19 can make sick people vomit or have diarrhea, but this is rare. They said about 7.7% of COVID-19 patients vomited, about 7.8% had diarrhea and about 3.6% had pain in their stomachs.[46] Data Edit Map of the 2019–20 COVID-19 outbreak 100,000+ confirmed cases 10,000–99,999 confirmed cases 1,000–9,999 confirmed cases 100–999 confirmed cases 10–99 confirmed cases 1–9 confirmed cases No confirmed cases, no population, or no data available vte [expand] Updated April 29, 2022. COVID-19 pandemic by location[47] Location Cases Deaths World[c] 511,747,564 6,228,621 European Union[d] 136,539,072 1,073,685 United States 81,189,379 992,740 India 43,068,799 523,693 Brazil 30,399,004 663,350 France 28,536,959 145,648 Germany 24,609,159 135,078 United Kingdom 22,086,149 174,615 Russia 17,894,787 367,850 South Korea 17,086,626 22,466 Italy 16,279,754 163,113 Turkey 15,026,141 98,736 Spain 11,833,457 104,227 Vietnam 10,631,516 43,034 Argentina 9,072,230 128,542 Netherlands 8,136,587 22,341 Japan 7,767,997 29,469 Iran 7,219,433 141,041 Colombia 6,091,959 139,785 Indonesia 6,045,660 156,199 Poland 5,993,861 115,998 Australia 5,847,576 7,164 Mexico 5,736,579 324,221 Ukraine 5,040,518 112,459 Malaysia 4,440,383 35,526 Thailand 4,224,008 28,271 Austria 4,122,797 18,100 Israel 4,067,680 10,695 Belgium 4,036,113 31,382 Czech Republic 3,902,095 40,123 Portugal 3,815,103 22,226 South Africa 3,776,298 100,351 Canada 3,741,528 39,056 Philippines 3,685,029 60,215 Switzerland 3,619,598 13,701 Peru 3,563,151 212,778 Chile 3,551,383 57,468 Greece 3,302,382 29,022 Denmark 3,113,693 6,125 Romania 2,890,827 65,456 Slovakia 2,526,855 19,873 Sweden 2,498,388 18,689 Iraq 2,324,699 25,208 Serbia 2,004,255 15,976 Bangladesh 1,952,625 29,127 Hungary 1,897,897 46,162 Jordan 1,695,745 14,064 Georgia 1,654,665 16,802 Pakistan 1,527,956 30,369 Republic of Ireland 1,515,005 7,054 Norway 1,425,079 2,932 Kazakhstan 1,394,416 19,013 Hong Kong 1,203,068 9,282 Singapore 1,187,914 1,334 Morocco 1,164,825 16,068 Bulgaria 1,155,387 36,887 Croatia 1,119,916 15,808 Cuba 1,102,355 8,525 Lebanon 1,096,648 10,381 Lithuania 1,056,495 9,080 Tunisia 1,040,193 28,550 Slovenia 1,007,538 6,586 Finland 1,000,472 3,638 Nepal 978,778 11,951 Belarus 978,773 6,936 Mongolia 920,553 2,177 New Zealand 915,522 683 Bolivia 904,758 21,910 United Arab Emirates 897,770 2,302 China[e] 896,144 4,876 Uruguay 895,775 7,197 Ecuador 868,285 35,581 Costa Rica 852,074 8,405 Guatemala 844,059 17,538 Latvia 818,644 5,766 Azerbaijan 792,521 9,707 Panama 773,675 8,183 Saudi Arabia 753,730 9,084 Sri Lanka 663,239 16,503 Palestine 657,060 5,657 Paraguay 649,034 18,795 Kuwait 631,409 2,555 Myanmar 612,802 19,434 Dominican Republic 579,248 4,376 Estonia 571,300 2,533 Bahrain 567,614 1,475 Venezuela 522,263 5,706 Moldova 516,986 11,489 Egypt 515,645 24,613 Libya 501,904 6,430 Ethiopia 470,492 7,510 Cyprus 470,481 1,011 Honduras 423,101 10,893 Armenia 422,855 8,622 Oman 389,113 4,258 Bosnia and Herzegovina 376,948 15,764 Qatar 364,421 677 Kenya 323,724 5,649 Zambia 319,431 3,976 North Macedonia 309,310 9,278 Botswana 305,859 2,688 Albania 274,929 3,496 Algeria 265,773 6,875 Nigeria 255,685 3,143 Zimbabwe 247,729 5,469 Uzbekistan 238,535 1,637 Luxembourg 236,686 1,063 Montenegro 234,957 2,714 Kosovo 228,004 3,138 Mozambique 225,375 2,201 Mauritius 220,344 990 Laos 206,512 737 Kyrgyzstan 200,991 2,991 Iceland 185,353 119 Maldives 179,171 298 Afghanistan 178,809 7,683 Uganda 164,069 3,597 El Salvador 162,089 4,128 Ghana 161,170 1,445 Namibia 158,480 4,025 Trinidad and Tobago 146,140 3,819 Brunei 141,531 218 Cambodia 136,235 3,056 Rwanda 129,791 1,459 Jamaica 129,747 2,954 Cameroon 119,780 1,927 Angola 99,287 1,900 Malta 91,221 696 Democratic Republic of the Congo 87,023 1,337 Senegal 85,993 1,967 Malawi 85,761 2,633 Ivory Coast 81,913 799 Suriname 79,336 1,328 Taiwan 76,938 858 French Polynesia 72,704 648 Eswatini 70,456 1,397 Barbados 68,913 390 Fiji 64,535 862 Madagascar 64,152 1,391 Guyana 63,447 1,228 Sudan 62,117 4,931 New Caledonia 60,653 312 Mauritania 58,686 982 Bhutan 58,643 20 Belize 57,477 676 Cabo Verde 56,014 401 Syria 55,807 3,150 Gabon 47,597 303 Papua New Guinea 43,803 649 Seychelles 42,474 166 Curaçao 42,035 273 Andorra 41,013 153 Burundi 39,634 38 Togo 36,981 273 Guinea 36,540 441 Aruba 34,693 212 Faroe Islands 34,658 28 Tanzania 33,872 803 Bahamas 33,511 789 Lesotho 32,968 697 Isle of Man 31,666 98 Mali 30,785 731 Haiti 30,655 835 Benin 26,952 163 Somalia 26,485 1,361 Republic of the Congo 24,079 385 Saint Lucia 23,285 368 Timor-Leste 22,862 130 Cayman Islands 22,223 27 Burkina Faso 20,865 383 Nicaragua 18,491 234 Tajikistan 17,786 125 Gibraltar 17,706 102 South Sudan 17,450 138 Liechtenstein 17,133 84 San Marino 16,186 114 Equatorial Guinea 15,907 183 Djibouti 15,611 189 Solomon Islands 14,786 141 Central African Republic 14,649 113 Grenada 14,519 220 Bermuda 13,488 131 Dominica 12,033 63 Gambia 11,995 365 Greenland 11,971 21 Yemen 11,818 2,149 Monaco 11,712 57 Tonga 9,838 11 Caribbean Netherlands 9,745 34 Eritrea 9,734 103 Niger 8,924 309 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8,406 106 Samoa 8,351 16 Guinea-Bissau 8,186 171 Comoros 8,105 160 Sierra Leone 7,681 125 Antigua and Barbuda 7,571 135 Liberia 7,434 294 Chad 7,411 193 Vanuatu 7,054 13 British Virgin Islands 6,296 62 Turks and Caicos Islands 5,963 36 Sao Tome and Principe 5,957 73 Saint Kitts and Nevis 5,562 43 Cook Islands 4,932 1 Palau 4,486 6 Kiribati 3,080 13 Anguilla 2,788 9 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 2,641 1 Wallis and Futuna 454 7 Montserrat 207 2 Falkland Islands 168 — Macau 82 — Vatican City 29 0 Marshall Islands 17 — Federated States of Micronesia 5 0 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 4 — ↑ In summary, this article is about the coronavirus pandemic, which is caused by the disease COVID‑19, which is caused by the virus SARS‑CoV‑2.[1] ↑ To summarize, this article is about the pandemic, which is caused by the disease COVID-19, which is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. ↑ Countries which do not report data for a column are not included in that column's world total. ↑ Data on member states of the European Union are individually listed, but are also summed here for convenience. They are not double-counted in world totals. ↑ Does not include special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau) or Taiwan. Name Edit In February 2020, the WHO announced a name for the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19. It replaced the name "2019-nCoV."[48] "Covi" is for "coronavirus," "D" for "disease," and "19" for the year 2019 – the year it was first detected. They said they did not want the name to have any person, place, or animal in it because people might blame the disease on that place, person, or animal. For example, it did not use the word "Wuhan." They also wanted the name to be easy to say out loud.[49] Mortality rate of COVID-19 Edit The current death rate of COVID-19 According to an article in Market Watch dated on February 27, 2020, the overall case mortality rate in China was 2.3%. However, these results might be severely different between different age groups and between men and women. People over the age of 70 experienced a rate of mortality 4-5 times that of the average. Men were more likely to die than women (2.8% versus 1.7% for women) possibly due to lifestyle, such as it being more possible in men to drink and smoke, making the risk of having a respiratory illness more possible, and thus more vulnerable. [50]These numbers were the conclusion of a study by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention using 72,314 COVID-19 cases in mainland China as of Feb. 11. At that point this was the largest sample of cases for such a study.[51] On March 5, 2020, the WHO released the case fatality rate.[52] Race and racism Edit COVID-19 did not affect everyone in each country the same way.[53] As of May 2020, APM Research Lab said the death rate among black Americans was 2.4 times as high as for white Americans and 2.2 times as high as for Latino and Asian Americans.[54] In July 2020, The New York Times printed data from the Centers for Disease Control showing that black and Latino Americans were three times as likely to become sick and twice as likely to die as white Americans. This was not only in large cities but also in rural areas. This was not only for old people but for people in all age groups. Native Americans were also more likely than whites to become sick and die. Asian Americans were 1.3 times as likely as whites to become sick.[55] Camara Jones, an epidemiologist who once worked for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said this was socioeconomic and not because of any natural difference in black and white people's bodies.[56] In the United States, black citizens are more likely to work jobs where they serve the public directly and to ride on public transport rather than take their own cars to work. This makes them more likely to be infected than people who work in private offices or from home. Sharrelle Barber, an epidemiologist and biostatistician from Drexel University, also said black Americans can live in crowded neighborhoods where social distancing is harder to do and healthy food harder to find.[57] Both Barber and Jones blamed the long history of racism in the United States for these things. Three senators, Kamala Harris, Cory Booker and Elizabeth Warren said the federal government should start recording the race of COVID-19 patients so scientists could study this problem.[57] In June, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) told the public that people using the United States' government's Medicare health program had different results depending on race. Four times as many black Medicare patients went to hospitals for COVID-19 than white Medicare patients. There were twice as many hospitalized Hispanic patients than white patients. There were three hospitalized Asian patients for every two hospitalized white patients. The head of CMS, Seema Verma, said this was mostly because of socioeconomic status.[58] In the United Kingdom, twice as many black COVID-19 patients died as white COVID-19 patients. Other non-white people, like people from India and Bangladesh, were also more likely to die of COVID-19 than whites. Britain's Office of National Statistics said that the differences in money and education explained some of this difference but not all of it. They also said they did not know whether non-white patients caught COVID-19 more often or whether they caught more severe cases. Only female Chinese Britons were less likely to die of COVID-19 than white Britons.[59] Indigenous peoples Edit Native Americans in the United States have shown more deaths from COVID-19 than the rest of the U.S.[60] As of May, the Navajo Nation had 88 deaths and 2,757 cases, and the money they had been promised by the government arrived several weeks late. Only 30% of the people in the Navajo Nation have pipes with running water, which made it difficult for people to wash their hands.[61] Scientists from Chapman University made a plan to protect the Tsimane people in Bolivia from COVID-19 and said this plan would also work for other indigenous peoples living on their own land. The scientists said that many indigenous peoples have problems that make COVID-19 more dangerous for them, like poverty, less clean water, and other lung diseases. Hospitals may be a long distance away, and racism can affect the way doctors and nurses react. But they also sometimes have things that help, like traditions of making decisions together and the ability to grow food nearby.[60] The scientists found people who spoke the Tsimane language as a first language and made teams to go to Tsimane towns to warn them about COVID-19. They also used radio stations. They said the best plan was for whole communities to decide to isolate. They found this worked well because the Tsimane already usually made their big decisions together as a community in special meetings and already had a tradition of quarantining new mothers. The Chapman scientists said their plan would also work for other indigenous peoples who also make decisions together, like the Tsimane. [62][60] The Waswanipi Cree in Canada, the Mapoon people in Australia, and many groups in South America already tried plans like these on their own.[60][63] George Floyd protests Edit Further information: George Floyd protests In May 2020, police officers in Minneapolis, Minnesota killed an unarmed black man called George Floyd while they were arresting him. There were weeks of protests all over the world against police brutality and racism. Experts said they were worried protesters and police could spread SARS-CoV-2 to each other. Other experts said some of the reasons that the protests were so big was because non-white people were being killed by COVID-19 more than white people were, because poor leadership in the COVID-19 crisis reminded them of poor leadership about racism, and because the lockdowns shut down workplaces and other things. This meant people had more time to protest.[63][64][65][66] African Americans Edit African Americans are more likely to catch the virus compared to their white counterparts in the United States,[67] and are also more likely to die from it.[68][69] 50,000 African Americans died of COVID-19 in 2020.[70] African Americans are the least likely to get vaccinated against the disease.[71] Romani people Edit Romani people (Gypsies) in Europe were hard-hit by COVID-19.[72] Hispanics Edit Latinos have been at a higher risk of hospitalization or death from COVID-19 in the United States.[73] Conspiracy theories Edit Main article: Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic In early 2020, some people began to think that the SARS-CoV-2 may have been made on purpose in a laboratory and either released by accident or on purpose like a weapon. Some Iranians thought the Americans might have made it.[74] Chinese state media said COVID-19 came from the United States to China and not the other way around.[75] Some Americans thought the Chinese might have made it.[76] Some Britons thought it might have been created by accident by 5G cell phone networks.[77] On March 17, 2020, scientists from Columbia University and other places published a paper in Nature Medicine showing that SARS-CoV-2 was almost surely not made by humans in a laboratory. They did this by comparing the genomes of different viruses to each other.[26] The scientists saw that SARS-CoV-2 did not match any of the viral backbones that already exist for virologists to use.[78] Within a few weeks, it became one of the most cited scientific papers in history, meaning that other scientists were reading and using it. Graphs Edit Case fatality rates by age group in China. Data through 11 February 2020.[79] Epidemic curve of daily new cases of COVID-19 (7 day rolling average) by continent Semi-log plot of weekly new cases of COVID-19 in the world and top five current countries (mean with deaths) COVID-19 total cases per 100,000 population from selected countries[80] COVID-19 active cases per 100,000 population from selected countries[80] COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 population from selected countries[80] Timelines of COVID-19 Edit Map of national and subnational lockdowns as of 29 November 2020 (table; more details) Current national lockdown Current subnational lockdown Former national lockdown Former subnational lockdown No lockdown or no data On December 31, 2019, China alerted WHO to several cases of unusual pneumonia in Wuhan, Hubei province. [81] On January 20, 2020, Chinese premier Li Keqiang called for efforts to stop and control the pneumonia epidemic caused by a novel coronavirus.[82] As of February 5, 2020, 24,588 cases have been confirmed,[83][84] including in every province-level division of China.[83] A larger number of people may have been infected, but not detected (especially mild cases).[85][86] The first local transmission of the virus outside China occurred in Vietnam between family members,[87] while the first local transmission not involving family occurred in Germany, on January 22, when a German man contracted the disease from a Chinese business visitor at a meeting.[88] As of 5 February 2020, 493 deaths have been attributed to the virus since the first confirmed death on January 9, with 990 recoveries.[89][83] The first death outside China was reported in the Philippines, in a 44-year-old Chinese male on February 1.[90] but another source reported: "The first cases of COVID-19 outside of China were identified on January 13 in Thailand and on January 16 in Japan".[91] There has been testing which have showed over 6000 confirmed cases in China,[92] some of whom are healthcare workers.[93][94] Confirmed cases have also been reported in Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Macau, Hong Kong, the United States (Everett, Washington and Chicago),[94] Singapore,[95] Vietnam,[96] France[97] and Nepal.[98] The World Health Organization declared that this is a Public Health Emergency of International Concern since January 30, 2020. Bloomberg News and other business publications have reported several plant closures, travel restrictions, and imposed quarantines as a result of this outbreak.[99] As of February 10, 2020 there have been 40,235 confirmed cases reported of people infected by the virus in China. Also reported were 909 deaths, and 319 cases in 24 other countries, including one death, according to WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus.[100] On November 14, 2020, there were 53,853,718 global COVID-19 cases and 1,311,524 deaths with cases in 217 countries and territories.[101] China Edit The first cases of COVID-19 were detected in Wuhan, Hubei, Mainland China in December of 2019.[102] On Feb. 4, 2020, the Seattle Times reported that Around 2020 Chinese new year authorities closed down travel from China to Macau. As a result visits fell eighty percent.[103] Feb 6, 2020, the COVID-19 whistleblower, Li Wenliang, dies of the disease. On February 6, 2020, according to Chinese authorities, a man from the United States who tested positive for the virus died.[104] On February 25, 2020 the Asian Scientist Magazine reported Chinese Scientists Sequence Genome Of COVID-19 [105] According to the European Centre for Disease Prevention, China had the largest number of confirmed cases and deaths on March 1, 2020.[106] On March 3, 2020 Science (journal) reported: China built two new hospitals in one week just for patients of COVID-19 The article praised the way China has handled this crisis, but said "draconian" measures were used to achieve success.[107] On March 6, 2020, CNN reported that a hotel used as a COVID-19 quarantine center collapsed. Seventy people were trapped in a collapsed Quanzhou hotel.[108] The Chinese economy was greatly affected by the virus, and many factories shut down during the spike of cases in China during the early months of the pandemic.[109] As of October 30, 2020, the number of cases of the virus in China were generally going down, with only 771 new cases being reported in the month of October.[110] United States Edit The first case of COVID-19 in the United States was detected in a man from the state of Washington on January 21, 2020.[111] On February 27, 2020, US President Donald Trump appointed Vice President Mike Pence to lead the US response to COVID-19.[112] On February 29, 2020, the first death in the US was reported from the state of Washington.[113] On March 3, 2020 CBS reported 15 states with confirmed cases.[114] Movements such as elbow bumps began replacing handshakes , as handshakes spread the virus and bacteria more.[115] On March 6, 2020, the CDC announced that one million test kits would be distributed.[116][117] On March 9, 2020, the US stock market was approaching bear territory.[118] On March 9, 2020, there were also scattered reports that some were quarantined while their household members were not.[119] On March 10, 2020, the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, Alex Azar, said that it is was not known how many Americans tested positive for the virus. This was because many of the test kits went out to private companies.[120] On March 10, 2020, the governor of New York, Andrew Cuomo, announced that the city of New Rochelle was the largest cluster of COVID-19 cases in the state. Among other things done to contain the virus in New Rochelle, the National Guard was sent to the city to hand out food and disinfect buildings.[121] On March 26, the United States surpass Italy and China's cases, becoming the epicenter for a while.[122] On April 3, 2020, the CDC first recommended the use of cloth face coverings by the general public to reduce the spread of the virus in places such as grocery stores and pharmacies.[123] On April 11, the U.S became the most death in the world. [124] On July 22, 2020, the United States surpassed 1,000 daily COVID-19 deaths for a second time.[125] On September 22, 2020, the United States reached 200,000 deaths from the virus.[126] Between September to October, there was a COVID-19 outbreak at the White House, causing many officials to be diagnosed with the infection, including President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump.[127] In December 2020, California surpassed over 30,000 new cases in a day.[128] On December 11, 2020, the Food and Drug Administration said doctors could give people the Pfizer vaccine.[32][34] On December 14, 2020, the State of New York gave people the first vaccines, starting with health care workers.[32][34] On December 26, 2020, California had a record breaking 65,055 new cases in a day after Christmas.[129] California became the first state to surpass 2 million cases in December 2020.[130] Economic effects of COVID-19 in the United States Edit On March 6, President Trump signed a $8.3 billion emergency spending package to fight the COVID outbreak.[131][132] On March 5, 2020, it was announced that medical costs for Washington state residents asking to be tested would be waived until May.[133] (People have to pay for their own health care in the United States. See: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act). On March 9, 2020, President Trump proposed, among other measures, a payroll tax cut to help the US economy.[134] Italy Edit On February 27, 2020, according to the EU Observer, a dozen towns in the northern regions of Lombardy and Veneto were under lockdown, with around 50,000 citizens not allowed to leave, and over 200 reported cases of COVID n Italy.[135] On March 4, 2020, according to the Guardian , the Italian government has ordered the closing of all of Italy's schools and universities until 15 March, 2020[136] On March 5, 2020 the Guardian reported: "Italian educational institutions close as Covid-19 deaths pass 100"[137] On March 8, 2020, Al Jazeera reported that after a daily infection rate of 1,247 cases, Lombardy together with ten other areas were sealed off to try to quarantine 16 million people.[138] The cities of Milan and Venice were in the quarantined area. [139] On March 10, 2020, it was reported that Italy was under quarantine.[140][141] On October 5, 2020, Italy imposed a new lockdown and set of restrictions after previously relaxing them. This was due to a second wave of cases that was even worse than the one in spring.[142] Iran Edit On 28 February 2020, the BBC reported COVID-19 deaths in Iran were at least 210.[143] March 3, 2020 multiple Iranian government officials including deputy health minister Iraj Harirchi and vice president of women and family affairs Masoumeh Ebtekar, who served as a spokesperson during the Iran hostage crisis, had contracted COVID-19.[144][145] Canada Edit The first case of COVID-19 in Canada was detected in a man from Toronto on January 25, 2020.[146] On March 12, 2020, Sophie Grégoire Trudeau, the wife of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, tested positive for coronavirus. The Prime Minister and his wife isolated for 14 days.[147] On April 6, 2020, Canada’s Chief Public Health Officer, Theresa Tam, said that people should use simple cloth facemasks to help slow the spread of the virus.[148] On May 1, 2020, Canada surpassed 200 daily coronavirus deaths.[149] On November 12, 2020, Canada surpassed 5,000 daily COVID-19 cases.[149] On December 26, 2020, Canada confirmed first two cases of mutant coronavirus strain from England.[150] South Africa Edit The new coronavirus strain, called the 501.V2 Variant, was first discovered in South African province Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape. It spreads more rapidly.[151] Australia Edit First case reported on 25 January 2020.[152] See COVID-19 pandemic in Australia New Zealand Edit The first case of COVID-19 in New Zealand was detected in late February 2020 in a person in their 60s.[153] On March 24, 2020, New Zealand reported over 100 daily coronavirus cases for the first time.[154] From April to November 2020, New Zealand reported between 0 to 50 daily cases.[154] Between August 25, 2021 and August 31, 2021, the whole of New Zealand had been temporarily increased to its maximum lockdown level, Level 4, due to the delta variant.[155] Most of the cases during August 2021 were originated from New South Wales.[156] As of September 6, 2021, all of New Zealand has dropped to Level 2, while Auckland remains at Level 4.[155] Cruise ships Edit On the Diamond Princess cruise ship, out of 3,711 total passengers and crew members, 621 people, or 17% of all the people on board the ship tested positive for COVID-19. The ship ended its quarantine on February 18th.[157] Africa Edit In late February 2020, Nigeria had it’s first case in Sub-Saharan Africa. In November 2020, Africa surpassed 2 million cases.[158] Food and hunger Edit The pandemic made it more difficult for millions of people all over the world to get enough food. People lost their jobs, so they did not have money to buy food. Farms were shut down, so there was less food made. Processing plants and food factories were shut down, so less food was made ready for people to eat.[159] In April, Arif Husain of the United Nations' World Food Program said that 130 million more people could go hungry, in addition to the 135 million who were already hungry before the pandemic began. He said that poorer countries would be more affected than rich countries because the way they move raw food from farms to cities and other places where people live is less organized and relies more on human beings than on automatic systems.[159] This hunger crisis is different from crises in other years because it happened to the whole world at the same time. That meant that people working in other countries could not help by sending money home.[159][160] All over the world, children who ate meals at school had less access to food when the schools were shut down.[159] Scientists from the University of Michigan said the pandemic was making it harder for people to find food. In a study published in May, they said one in seven Americans over age 50 said they had trouble getting enough food before the pandemic, and it got worse when senior centers that provided meals were closed.[161] Federal and state governments started programs to bring food to older people and children. There were also more food donation drives in towns.[160] Old people Edit In the United States, nursing homes had some of the highest rates of infection and death, 40% of all COVID-19 deaths in the country. Nursing homes are group homes for old people who need medical care, for disabled people who need medical care, and for people recovering from severe sickness or injury, like stroke patients. Many people who live in nursing homes pay through the government program Medicaid, which pays less than Medicare or regular insurance companies. In June, many American nursing homes were caught throwing their regular patients out so they could make room for COVID-19 patients who could pay them more. Because nursing homes had stopped allowing visitors, it took longer for them to get caught. United States law requires nursing homes to warn patients 30 days before kicking them out, but the nursing homes did not do this. Some of the nursing homes took the COVID-19 patients because state governments asked them to and they say they sent their elderly residents away because they were worried they would catch COVID-19 from the sick patients.[162] Environment Edit Because so many governments told people to stay at home, there was less air pollution than usual for that time of year. Pollution in New York fell by 50% and the use of coal in China fell by 40%.[163] The European Space Agency showed pictures taken from a satellite of China's pollution disappearing during quarantine and coming back when everyone went back to work.[164] The pandemic and shutdowns made people use less electricity. In the United States, people got less of their electricity from coal power but kept using gas and renewable power like wind and solar power. This was because coal plants are more expensive to run, so power companies used them less.[165] Pollution from before the pandemic also affected what happened after people became sick. Scientists saw that more people died from COVID-19 in places with large amounts of air pollution. One team of scientists from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg looked at air pollution information from satellites and statistics on COVID-19 deaths in Italy, France, Germany and Spain and saw that places with large amounts of nitrogen dioxide pollution had more people die from COVID-19. Nitrogen dioxide can damage the lungs.[166][167] The shutdowns and social distancing also affected animals. Human beings started staying at home about the same time in the spring when sea turtles like to come on land to lay their eggs. Turtle scientists in the United States and Thailand both reported more nests than usual on seashores in Florida and Phuket. They say it is because people are not coming to the beach or bringing their dogs to the beach and because there are fewer boats in the water nearby. Scientists also say they see more dugong and dolphins.[168][169][170] With fewer cars driving down roads, salamanders, frogs, and other amphibians were able to cross them for their spring migration. According to citizen scientists from Big Night Maine, a group that watches amphibians, four amphibians made it across the roads alive for every one amphibian killed by cars. Most years, it is only two to one.[171] Not all ocean mammals did well. According to marine biologists in Florida, manatee deaths in April and May were 20% higher than in 2019. They say this was because many people decided to go boating because other things to do were closed.[172] Stopping the next pandemic Edit Researchers from the San Diego Zoo Global had the idea for a system that people could use to find dangerous germs before they become pandemics or even before they jump from other animals to humans. They said it was important to watch the wildlife trade, like in the Wuhan wet market. The scientists said that over the past eleven years it has gotten easier and easier to sequence viral genomes, and it does not have to be done by a large lab or by a government any more. The scientists said it would be better to spread the work out among more people.[173][174] Prevention and treatment Edit Avoiding traveling and staying home will greatly reduce your risk from catching COVID-19. Staying home doesn't apply if one is sick and needs medical care. Get enough rest and stay hydrated.[175] Wearing a mask and washing your hands can prevent the virus from spreading.[176] Masks should not be placed on children under 2 years of age, people who have trouble breathing, have a respiratory or other medical condition which renders one unable to wear a mask safely, or anyone who is unable to remove the mask without help. Covering coughs and sneezes also reduce the risk of spreading the virus, but one can infect someone else by touching things with coughed/sneezed-in hands. Making sure not to share drinking glasses, cups and particularly other objects which people will drink or eat out of is important if one assumes they are infected or tested positive in the past. Washing eating utensils and other oral eating objects is preferable and cleaning surfaces or possessions which have been repeatedly touched is also important. These include, according to the Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, phones, remote controls, counters, tabletops, doorknobs, bathroom fixtures, toilets, keyboards, tablets, and bedside tables. Avoid touching your face, nose, or mouth with your hands. Avoiding public transportation, taxis or taking rides with others can stop one's exposure to the virus. [175] Rumors spread about high doses of Vitamin C preventing COVID-19, but these as of October 14, 2020, there has been no conclusive evidence to support this idea.[177] However, there has been evidence pointing to the fact that dosing patients with Vitamin C, either through mouth or IV can reduce time on mechanical ventilators for seriously ill patients by 14%.[178]Drinking tea such as black tea and green tea can inhibit the virus.[179] Staying home for the holidays, having a small gathering of close friends and family members who are consistently taking measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and celebrating virtually through social media can prevent being infected by the virus. Airports, bus stations, train stations, public transport, gas stations, and rest stops are all places travelers can be exposed to catching the virus.[180] Eating a healthy diet that is high in fruits and vegetables, getting rest and sleep, exercising, consuming raw honey, probiotics, garlic, mushrooms and elderberry can boost the immune system.[181] Playing video games to pass time during quarantine can prevent the virus from spreading.[182] Flavanols and proanthocyanidins which are chemicals found in dark chocolate, grapes and green tea may block SARS-CoV-2 proteins.[183] Places you are most likely to catch the virus are churches, hair and nail salons, cruise ships, hospitals and the doctor’s office, restaurants and bars, theaters, sporting events, concert venues, buses, restrooms, elevators, the gym, airplanes, hotels, public swimming pools, nightclubs and the beach.[184] Vaccinated people still need to wear a mask.[185] Flying in a private jet can prevent the spread of coronavirus.[186] Smoking marijuana and tobacco can further damage your lungs.[187] Getting vaccinated can prevent new virus strains.[188] List of terminology associated with COVID-19 Edit SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes COVID-19 2019-nCoV is the old name for SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus disease 2019 is the complete name for COVID-19 Community spread is the spread of the disease without a known travel connection Clusters are groups of COVID-19 cases in which many people in the same area became infected with COVID-19 Notes Edit Back to table References Edit Other websites Edit
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